This is a free resource I originally created to help New York City students to prepare for one significant aspect of the SHSAT test for free, without the need for expensive tutoring. Now that the city has (perhaps wisely) eliminated the scrambled paragraphs from the SHSAT, it is a resource for anyone looking to unscramble paragraphs for whatever reason! Daniel Gauss is an Ivy-educated teacher and tutor. Drop him a line at: djg51qu@gmail.com.
Showing posts with label free practice scrambled paragraphs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label free practice scrambled paragraphs. Show all posts
In the fall of 1918, the Great War in Europe was winding down and peace was on the horizon. _____ (Q) The Americans had joined in the fight, bringing the Allies closer to victory against the Germans. _____ (R) Then, however, in pockets across the globe, something erupted that, at first, seemed as benign as the common cold, yet the influenza of that season was far worse than a cold. _____ (S) The numbers for the US were even worse, in that the flu infected 28% of all Americans with an estimated 675,000 Americans dying of influenza during the pandemic - ten times as many as in the world war. _____ (T) Deep within the trenches these men had lived through some of the most brutal conditions of life, and it seemed that conditions could not become any worse. _____ (U) In the two years that this scourge ravaged the earth, a fifth of the world's population was infected, with the flu being most deadly for people ages 20 to 40.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. _____ (Q) Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey. _____ (R) He further explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force, if necessary, to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. _____ (S) In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles. _____ (T) However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. _____ (U) Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war.
New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, for whom a famous New York airport is named, was popular for riding in fire trucks with firefighters, joining police officers on their beats and taking orphaned children to baseball games. _____ (Q) A short time later, an old woman dressed in threadbare clothing stood before him, on a charge of stealing a loaf of bread, but she explained that her daughter’s husband had run out on the family, her daughter was sick and that her two grandchildren had nothing to eat. _____ (R) LaGuardia found her guilty but then took out a ten dollar bill from his wallet and gave it to the bailiff to pay the woman's fine.
_____ (S) He then looked around the crowded, bustling court room and fined everyone there 50 cents for living in a city in which a grandmother had to steal a loaf of bread to feed her grandchildren (he gave the fine to the woman). _____ (T) The shopkeeper felt sorry for the woman but told the Mayor that he was in a bad neighborhood and that this woman needed to be punished to set an example for everyone else. _____ (U) One chilling night in January, 1935, during the depths of the Great Depression, Mayor LaGuardia arrived at a night court in one of the poorest areas in the city and told the judge to take the night off so he could preside over the court.
After death, several things can happen to the body.
_____ (Q) Known informally as Lucy and formally as AL-288-1 (Afar Locality #288), she was found in a sedimentary layer that eventually was dated at 3.5 MaBP.
_____ (R) This "something" turned out to be the exposed portion of a hominid arm bone.
_____ (S) Johanson, along with colleague Tom Gray, had been mapping another locality at the Afar site, but, feeling "lucky," Johanson took a short detour into another area later mapped as locality 288 and "noticed something lying on the ground partway up the slope."
_____ (T) From the perspective of the physical anthropologist, the best thing that can happen is that the body lies in an area where it will be covered quickly by sediment.
_____ (U) Such must have been the case with the 40-percent-complete skeleton found by Dr. Johanson.
In the story, the old man hides light in a box because he's afraid to see whether or not his daughter is ugly.
_____ (Q) When the old man finally opens the box containing the light, Raven grabs it and flies out of the house---causing light to spread throughout the world and revealing that the old man's daughter is as beautiful as the fronds of a hemlock tree.
_____ (R) In a ploy to steal the light, Raven shrinks himself to become a hemlock seed in a basket of drinking water so that the daughter swallows him.
_____ (S) Soon Raven is reborn from her as a raven/human child.
_____ (T) As Raven flies away, Eagle sees him and tries to steal the light, causing Raven to drop some of it, which becomes the Moon and the stars.
Spanish flu -------> 1,3,5,2,4 Q=1, R=3, S=5, T=2, U=4 Cuban Missile Crisis -------------> 5,2,1,4,3 LaGuardia --------->2,4,5,3,1 Lucy -------> 3,5,4,1,2 Raven ----------->4,1,2,5,3
-------------------------------- Yes, I'm the guy who created the scandal in Asia awhile ago. I felt that the Korean performers I was teaching in New York City were not being treated up to acceptable standards, and I reported this to a Korean newspaper to help ensure that, in the future, performers would be treated better.
{{Aversive means something that causes harm or pain and that someone would want to avoid. A long time ago psychologists conducted a terrible experiment. They put dogs in electrical cages and turned on the electricity. The dogs could not escape the electrical charges even though each dog tried everything it could to do so. Finally, when each dog realized there was nothing to be done, it simply lay down and took the electrical charges helplessly. This led to the psychological term: learned helplessness. Scientists would, thankfully, never be able to do an experiment like this today. Yet, the concept of learned helplessness is important to realize. When people feel that there is nothing they can do to change a situation, they often give up. Why do so few people vote in elections? Learned helplessness. They feel that even if they vote, their vote will not change things. This is also one reason why activities in school should allow for student participation. If people do not participate in actions concerning their own welfare, they often develop a sense of learned helplessness.}}
Learned helplessness occurs when an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape. _____ (Q) This inaction can lead people to overlook opportunities for relief or change.
_____ (R) When people feel that they have no control over their situation, they may also begin to behave in a helpless manner. _____ (S) Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will prevent any action.
_____ (T) While the concept is strongly tied to animal psychology and behavior, it can also apply to many situations involving human beings. _____ (U) Eventually, the animal will stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation.
Please take a look at this simple experiment which shows how easy it is for people to give up, even though they can be successful:
{{Have you ever heard of Pele? He is considered to have been one of the greatest soccer players ever. Brasil won 3 World Cup championships with him on the Brasilian national team. During that era, there was also a great goal keeper named Gordon Banks, who is considered to have been one of the greatest goal keepers ever. They played against each other in the 1970 World Cup.}}
In the 1970 World Cup, defending champions England were drawn in the same group with Brazil, winner of the two previous cups before England, and with Pele leading the way, looking for a third title in four tournaments. _____ (Q) So stunning were the England goalkeeper’s reflexes on the play that the Brazilian players asked the media afterwards whether he was a martial artist.
_____ (R) After 18 minutes of absorbing play came one of football’s finest moments as Gordon Banks sprang into action to make a low save from Pele’s bullet header.
_____ (S) Pele was left dumbfounded and later said, “At that moment, I hated Banks more than any man in football, but when I cooled down, I could only applaud him in my heart."
_____ (T) Banks later told The Observer that he heard Pele shout ‘goal’ as he headed it, which was followed by a massive, almost deafening, roar.
_____ (U) Banks said, "Even though I’d got a hand to it, I thought he must have scored, but then I realized the crowd was cheering for me.”
The roots of the Dust Bowl can be traced back even earlier than the 1930s -- when two-thirds of the U.S. experienced drought, winds and clouds of dust -- to the 1920s, when post-World War I conditions led Midwestern farmers to experiment with new forms of mechanized farming. _____ (Q) Rampant overproduction of wheat crops, coupled with over plowing of the fields, led to unforeseen consequences when massive droughts began to set in during the early 1930s. _____ (R) This was the beginning of the Dust Bowl, which actually comprised four separate drought periods that happened in quick succession. _____ (S) As the winds began to blow against the parched landscape, uncovered patches of farmland simply blew away entirely. _____ (T) The farmers were trying to increase their profits by plowing and developing more land than ever before. _____ (U) During the five years before the Dust Bowl began, more than 5 million acres (2 million hectares) of new farmland had been plowed, although not all of it had been used.
Answers for the scrambled paragraphs are under the exercises:
Fencing is probably one of the oldest games in existence. _____ (S) Under the Germanic influence the duel spread all over Christendom. _____ (Q) The Germanic tribes which swarmed over the Empire at the fall of Rome were perhaps the earliest people to recognize combat with swords as a means of settling questions of justice or of vindicating a grievance. _____ (R) It sprang directly from the duel, and dueling has been extant as long as there has been war. _____ (T) Even as early as the reign of Charlemagne it was admitted as material proof in the judgments of God. _____ (U) In the old days there were duels between two persons, and often between two whole armies, depending on the conditions of war.
Prehistoric people would have gazed upon herds of gazelle and other wild animals; gently flowing rivers, which attracted migrating geese and ducks; fruit and nut trees; and rippling fields of wild barley and wild wheat varieties such as emmer and einkorn. _____ (Q) Indeed, Gobekli Tepe sits at the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent—an arc of mild climate and arable land from the Persian Gulf to present-day Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Egypt. _____ (R) "This area was like a paradise," says Schmidt, a member of the German Archaeological Institute. _____ (S) Such weather and fertile soil would have attracted hunter-gatherers from Africa and the Levant. _____ (T) This is clearly the earliest "cathedral on a hill" that archeologists have yet to find. _____ (U) And partly because Schmidt has found no evidence that people permanently resided on the summit of Gobekli Tepe itself, he believes this was a place of worship on an unprecedented scale.
Water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves through specialized plant cells known as xylem (pronounces zigh-lem). _____ (Q) Cottonwood trees, for example, will lose 100 gallons of water per hour during hot desert days. _____ (R) Land plants must guard against drying out (desiccation) and so have evolved specialized structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter and leave the leaf. _____ (S) Carbon dioxide cannot pass through the protective waxy layer covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter the leaf through these openings (the stoma; plural = stomata; Greek for hole) flanked by two guard cells. _____ (T) Unfortunately for the plant, while these gases are moving between the inside and outside of the leaf, a great deal of water is also lost. _____ (U) Likewise, oxygen produced during photosynthesis can only pass out of the leaf through the opened stomata.
{Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD) is a form of psychological depression some people
experience in the fall and winter due to a lesser degree of sunlight.}
Symptoms of Seasonal
Affective Disorder usually begin in October or November and subside in March or
April.
_____ (Q) Regardless
of the time of onset, most patients don’t feel fully “back to normal” until
early May.
_____ (R) Treatment
planning, in fact, needs to match the severity of the condition for the individual.
_____ (S) Depressions are usually mild to moderate, but they can be severe.
_____ (T) Safety
is the first consideration in all assessment of depression, as suicide can be a
risk for more severe depressive symptoms.
_____ (U) Some patients begin to “slump” as early as August, while others remain well until January.
{{ This paragraph is somewhat tricky because there are basically two parts to this paragraph - and there is no smooth transition between the parts. It's important, therefore, to determine which the 1st sentence after the original sentence should be. Basically, one part of the paragraph logically comes before the other part.}}
At that time, the
early 1960s, long hair on a man was considered absolutely outrageous.
_____ (Q) Indeed, it’s no coincidence that they arrived at the time in which the women’s movement was just beginning in the culture.
_____
(R) Very quickly the Beatles changed the way men looked, the way men thought
about the way they looked and, ultimately, our ideals of masculinity.
_____ (S) The Beatles also galvanized women.
_____ (T) After the Beatles came to America, that model was washed out forever.
_____
(U) Before they arrived, the model for maleness in the culture, for lack of a
better term, consisted of people like John Wayne and Gary Cooper.
Ho Chi Minh -----> 4,1,2,5,3 4__Q, 1__R, 2__S, 5__T, 3__U SAD -------> 2,4,3,5,1 The Beatles -----> 5,1,4,3,2
--------------------------------------------
I now have about 90 free scrambled paragraphs on this blog for you to practice on. You can also broaden your general knowledge by reading the accompanying links and watching the videos. Please feel free to give me feedback using the email address I listed above. I really hope this resource is useful to you. ^^
"The gods condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly roll a rock to
the top of a mountain," wrote Albert Camus, "then the stone would
fall back of its own weight; they thought that there is no more dreadful
punishment than futile and hopeless labor."
______ (Q) Over and over it happens that a theory or explanation
believed to be well established has to be abandoned or rethought of by researchers in the light
of new findings.
______ (R) Half a century ago Stanley L. Miller demonstrated that
amino acids and other biochemically significant compounds could be easily
synthesized under conditions simulating those of the primitive atmosphere.
______ (S) Like Sisyphus, these researchers trying to discover the origins of
life and study the earliest stages of biological evolution have an uphill
quest because theories must be abandoned and rethought.
______ (T) Nowadays geoscientists tend to doubt that the
conditions of the prebiotic environment were as reducing as Miller and others
had assumed.
______ (U) Of all the examples, maybe one is the most famous.
When he was two years old, Joseph Merrick’s mother noticed that
some areas of his skin began to change.
______ (Q) The right side of his head began to grow, as
did his right arm and hand so that by the time he was 12 years old, Joseph's
hand was so deformed as to be useless; furthermore, the growths on his skin
were now large and repulsive to look at.
______ (R) Over the next years, Joseph left home, tried working in
a factory but was abused by the workers there, and finally ended up in a freak
show.
______ (S) Some darkened, discolored skin growths were appearing,
and they began to look bumpy and rough.
______ (T) Furthermore, the other boys in early grade school were
starting to make fun of him and as Joseph grew older, he began to look even
more strange.
______ (U) Lumps began to grow under the boy's skin, on his neck,
his chest, and the back of his head and Mary Jane Merrick began to worry about
her son, Joseph.
The world's largest lizard, the Komodo dragon, has a snake-like
venom in its bite which sends victims into shock and stops their blood from
clotting, according to Australian research.
_____ (Q) Fry also surgically removed a venom gland from a terminally
ill Komodo at Singapore Zoo for the study, and said it contained a highly toxic
poison which would induce potent stomach cramps, hypothermia and a drop in
blood pressure.
_____ (R) But magnetic resonance imagery has for the first time
uncovered venom glands containing a shock-inducing poison which increases blood
flow and decreases blood pressure, scientists say.
_____ (S) Bryan Fry, a leading researcher, said this three-dimensional
computer imaging comparing the Komodo's bite with that of Australia's saltwater
crocodile showed it used a "grip and rip" pulling manoeuvre to tear
deep wounds, similar to a shark or sabre cat.
_____ (T) "Such a fall in blood pressure would be
debilitating in conjunction with blood loss and would render the envenomed prey
unable to escape," he said.
_____ (U) It had previously been widely believed that deadly bacteria in the
carnivorous lizard's mouth helped kill its prey.
Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so
much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape
its gravitational pull.
______ (Q) Now imagine an object with such an enormous
concentration of mass in such a small radius that its escape velocity would be
greater than the velocity of light.
______ (R) Suppose that you are standing on the surface of a
planet, and you throw a rock straight up into the air and watch it come back
down.
______ (S) If you could throw the rock hard enough, though, you
could make it escape the planet's gravity entirely and it would keep on going
forever.
______ (T) As you would expect, the escape velocity depends on the
mass of the planet: if the planet is extremely massive, then its gravity is
very strong, and the escape velocity is high.
______ (U) The speed with which you would need to throw the rock
in order that it just barely escapes the planet's gravity is called the
"escape velocity."
______ (Q) Then it is necessary to press the “must” in
order to squeeze every last delicious drop from the protesting grapes and this
extracted juice is poured into a vat.
______ (R) Once the yeast dies, it is cleared out of the wine by
adding bentonite which clings to the yeasties and other bad things and then
settles to the bottom of the carboy, ultimately resulting in an unencumbered
wine ready to age or bottle.
______ (S) The fermentation process is where the grape juice
becomes wine when special yeast, added to the juice, converts the natural
sugars into alcohol.
______ (T) During the settling, the grape sediment separates from
the juice and settles to the bottom of the vat and is transferred, usually by
siphon, into different vats and allowed to settle further.
______ (U) After picking grapes it is necessary to crush them into
a mass of pulp and juice called "must".
Although fixed-wing aircraft receive great attention by many
historians, helicopter flight was the first envisioned by humanity.
______ (Q) Many extraordinary models followed by an ever
increasing number of great thinkers, but all the pioneers were missing two
essentials: a true understanding of the nature of lift and an adequate engine.
______ (R) The great breakthrough came at the end of the
nineteenth century.
______ (S) In fact, the ancient Chinese were playing with a
hand-spun toy that rose upward when revolved rapidly and, as early as the mid 1500's,
Leonardo Da Vinci had used his fertile mind to make drawings of a machine that
we now know as the helicopter.
______ (T) His design, like many others to follow, would, however,
work theoretically but would have been impractical in full-sized form.
______ (U) The internal combustion engine made it possible
for the pioneers to develop full-sized models with an adequate power source.
Oil has been known about and used since ancient times and has been
mentioned by most ancient historians since the time of Herodotus.
______ (Q) Oil flows from natural springs in many
localities and it was obtained from such springs in what is now Western
Pennsylvania by the Seneca Indians, who also used it for medicinal purposes.
______ (R) It was used, however, chiefly as a liniment or
medicine, not as a fuel, and the Bible refers to pitch being used for building
purposes - cementing walls - in Babylon.
______ (S) The area quickly boomed and the modern oil industry was
born with Texas and Oklahoma later becoming the centers of US production.
______ (T) Following World War II the Middle East became a major
supplier for US use as well.
______ (U) The first oil well was drilled in that region by Edwin
Drake in 1859; the well was 69 feet deep and produced 15 barrels a day.
Although Shackleton never did reach the South Pole, he is more
fondly remembered than the explorers who did.
______ (Q) Writing to his wife Emily, he quipped, "I thought
you'd rather have a live donkey than a dead lion."
______ (R) In 1907, Shackleton and the British Antarctic
Expedition set sail in the Nimrod for the Ross Sea.
______ (S) Indeed, Shackleton earned the admiration of generations
of explorers by making the agonizing decision to turn back within 97 miles of
the pole rather than risk the lives of his men.
______ (T) Shackleton, with Jameson Adams, Frank Wild, and Eric
Marshall, failed to reach the pole but set a record for going the farthest
south at that time, reaching 88º23'S.
______ (U) Their goal: to trek with the aid of ponies to the South
Pole along the Great Beardmore Glacier.
---------------------------------------------------- Yes, I'm the guy who created the scandal in Asia awhile ago. I felt that the Korean performers I was teaching were not being treated up to acceptable standards, and I reported this to a Korean newspaper to help ensure that, in the future, performers would be treated better.
Some studies suggest that at least some bird species have evolved
mental skills similar to those found in humans and apes.
______ (Q) When such mirror-induced behavior in the magpie, a
songbird species from the crow family, was examined some individuals behaved in
front of the mirror similarly to apes.
______ (R) It is, however, not yet clear whether these skills are
accompanied by an understanding of the self.
______ (S) This is indicated by feats such as tool use,
episodic-like memory, and the ability to use one's own experience in predicting
the behavior of members of one’s own species.
______ (T) For example, when they noticed a color mark on their
bodies, magpies tried to remove the mark.
______ (U) In apes, behavior in response to a mirror, in which the
ape clearly recognizes himself, has been taken as evidence of self-recognition.
The lotus (Sanskrit and Tibetan padma), because of it’s conditions
and growth, is one of the most poignant representations of Buddhist teaching.
______ (Q) This pattern of growth symbolizes the progress of the
soul from the primeval mud of materialism, through the waters of experience,
and into the bright sunshine of enlightenment.
______ (R) According to another scholar, "In esoteric
Buddhism the heart of a being is like an unopened lotus: when the virtues of
the Buddha develop therein, the lotus blossoms; that is why the Buddha sits on
a lotus bloom."
______ (S) Though there are other water plants that also bloom
above the water, it is only the lotus which, owing to the strength of its stem,
regularly rises eight to twelve inches above the surface.
______ (T) Realizing the unique circumstances of the flower and
its differences from others,Lalitavistara states, "The spirit of the best of people is
spotless, like the lotus in the muddy water which has not become muddy."
______ (U) The roots of a lotus are, after all, in the mud, the
stem growing through the water, the heavily scented flower lying pristinely
above the water, basking in the sunlight.
On April 21, 1918 Baron von Richthofen followed the Sopwith Camel
of Wilfred May far into British territory.
______ (Q) Manfred von Richthofen crashed into a field alongside
the road from Corbie to Bray, his body was recovered by British forces, and he
was buried with full military honors.
______ (R) He did this even though the thrill of the hunt was all
but gone for Richthofen, as most of his peers had already been killed and his
own wounds agonized him.
______ (S) The shot is commonly believed to have come from
Australian gunners on the ground, but might have also come from the guns of
Canadian flier Arthur "Roy" Brown who was coming to May's aid.
______ (T) Though he had written that it was undignified to chase
an enemy who had fled, he chased his British quarry far deep into enemy
territory and far lower to the ground than was prudent.
______ (U) May later said that it was only his erratic, untrained
piloting which saved him and as Richthofen followed the erratic path of the novice
pilot, a single bullet, shot from behind him, passed diagonally through his
chest.
In an analysis almost 147 years after his death, doctors believe
that writer Edgar Allan Poe died as a result of rabies, not from complications
of alcoholism.
______ (Q) Poe's medical case was reviewed by R. Michael
Benitez, M.D., a cardiologist at the University of Maryland Medical Center.
______
(R) At first he had tremors and hallucinations, then slipped into a coma, emerged
from the coma, was calm and lucid, but then lapsed again into a delirious
state, became combative, and required restraint, finally dying on his fourth
day in the hospital.
______ (S) "No one can say conclusively that Poe died of
rabies, since there was no autopsy after his death," says Dr. Benitez, who
is also an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School
of Medicine.
______ (T) "But the historical accounts of Poe's condition in
the hospital a few days before his death point to a strong possibility that he
had rabies.”
______ (U) Poe was discovered lying unconscious on September
28outside a saloon on Lombard St. in
Baltimore, before being taken to Washington College Hospital.
______ (Q) This sense of cohesion is further enforced by the
elaborate communication system that elephants use.
______ (R) Afterwards young females are socialized into the
matriarchal network while young males go off for a time into an all-male social
group before coming back into the fold as mature adults.
______ (S) When communicating over long distances — in
order to pass along news about threats, a change of plans or, of the utmost
importance to elephants, the death of a community member — they use patterns of
subsonic vibrations that are felt as far as several miles away by sensors in
the padding of their feet.
______ (T) For example, young elephants stay within 15 feet of
their mothers for nearly all of their first eight years of life.
______ (U) They employ a range of vocalizations, from
low-frequency rumbles to higher-pitched screams and trumpets, along with a
variety of visual signals, from the waving of their trunks to subtle anglings of
the head, body, feet and tail.
In the 5th century BC, in Celtic Ireland, summer officially ended
on October 31, and this holiday was called Samhain (sow-en), the Celtic New
year.
______ (Q) So on the night of October 31, villagers would
extinguish the fires in their homes, to make them cold and undesirable.
______ (R) Naturally, the still-living did not want to be
possessed.
______ (S) One story says that, on that day, the disembodied
spirits of all those who had died throughout the preceding year would come back
in search of living bodies to possess for the next year.
______ (T) It was believed to be their only hope for the
afterlife.
______ (U) They would then dress up in all manner of
ghoulish costumes and noisily paraded around the neighborhood, being as
destructive as possible in order to frighten away spirits looking for bodies to
possess.
Michael Peter Fay, an American teenager visiting Singapore in
1991, plead guilty to vandalism charges, and was sentenced to four months in
jail, a $2,200 fine - and four strokes of the cane.
______ (Q) A prison official, a medical officer and the caner were
the only ones present, as the caner wound up and, using his full body weight,
struck with the 13mm-thick rattan rod, which had been soaked overnight to
prevent it from splitting.
______ (R) This sentence raised concerns about corporal punishment
around the civilized world, especially in light of how the punishment was
administrated.
______ (S) News of this ritual angered many in the USA, who,
although not opposed to punishment, are opposed to what they feel is harsh,
physical punishment.
______ (T) After the fourth and final stroke, say Singapore
officials, Fay shook hands with his caner and insisted on walking back to his
cell unaided because he “...wanted to act like a man.”
______ (U) In the caning room Fay was stripped naked, bent over
and his arms and legs were fastened to an H-shaped trestle by straps while a
protective covering was placed over his kidneys.
Finger-like divisions found in the fins of an ancient fish that
lived around 385 million years ago have been hailed by Swedish scientists as the
possible origin of human hands and fingers.
______ (Q) But this study has revealed that they were already
developing when our ancestors were fish.
______ (R) “Our study proves that fingers are not new to tetrapods
but that they evolved from distal radials, structures present in fish
ancestors.”
______ (S) “It’s an important piece of evidence for the evolution
of fish to tetrapods and how ‘we’ also transformed from fish to land animals.”
______ (T) It had been concluded that digits only developed after
our ancestors made the jump from sea to land 380 million years ago.
______ (U) “For a long time, we thought that fingers were a
novelty for tetrapods; in the past two years, some evidence has come forward to
make us doubt this,” said Catherine Boisvert, lead scientist.
How great was Ferenc Puskas? Such things, necessarily, are
subjective - and, particularly when you're going on video footage, almost
impossible to judge - but for me he stands alongside Johan Cruyff as one of the
two greatest European soccer players of all time.
______ (Q) "If a good player has the ball, he should have the
vision to spot three team mates or options," the full-back Jeno Buzanszky
said; "Puskas always saw at least five."
______ (R) It is not even the fact that he had key parts in two of
the most celebrated games ever played on British soil - Hungary's 6-3 victory
over England at Wembley in 1953 and Real Madrid's 7-3 victory over Eintracht
Frankfurt in 1960.
______ (S) That is why his nickname, the 'Galloping Major', was so
appropriate - even if he hardly galloped and, at the time it was bestowed, was
only a lieutenant - because he was so good at marshalling his side towards a common
goal.
______ (T) It is the fact that that ability was allied to a brain
that understood how best to use his ability for the team.
______ (U) It was not just his technical ability because other
players have had that.
The first successful dirigible (a balloon that has engines to
control its horizontal movement) was built in France in 1852.
______ (Q) Although other countries built these types of airships,
the Germans quickly became the most advanced in this form of lighter-than-air
technology.
______ (R) The type of airships Zeppelin built were spindle-shaped
with a rigid internal steel structure (unlike the flexible bodied blimps common
today).
______ (S) Beneath the craft was a gondola which carried the crew
and passengers.
______ (T) Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a German
businessman, built a fleet of experimental dirigibles.
______ (U) Inside the craft were large bags filled with gas that
gave the ship its lift as well as catwalks to allow the crew to move back and
forth inside the hull to service the airship.
One day in 1942, copies of a leaflet entitled "The White
Rose" suddenly appeared at the University of Munich.
______ (Q) The leaflet caused a tremendous stir among the student
body because it was the first time that internal dissent against the Nazi
regime had surfaced in Germany.
______ (R) At the bottom of the essay, the following request
appeared: "Please make as many copies of this leaflet as you can and
distribute them."
______ (S) The essay had been secretly written and distributed by
Hans Scholl and his friends and another leaflet appeared soon afterward, and
then another, and another.
______ (T) The leaflet contained an anonymous essay that said that
the Nazi system had slowly imprisoned the German people and was now destroying
them.
______ (U) The Nazi regime had turned evil and it was time, the
essay said, for Germans to rise up and resist the tyranny of their own
government.
The young people of the White Rose Organization were remarkable. Please read more about them. In fact, here's a full-length movie about Sophie Scholl of the White Rose Organization.
